| 货号 | AMR-004-50ul |
| 描述 | Each antibody ordered from Alomone Labs is supplied with its corresponding control peptide (antigen), free of charge. A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to M4 Muscarinic Receptor |
| 反应种属 | H, M, R |
| 应用 | IC, IH, WB |
| 供应商 | Alomone |
| 背景 | Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter which activates two different groups of receptors: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) which belong to the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. There are five separate gene products that put together this GPCR subfamily, M1-M5. Generally, M1,M3andM5 muscarinic receptors are known to activate phospholipase C (PLC) via Gq coupling, while M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors couple to Gi/o, and therefore inhibit adenylate cyclase1. This classification is however not clear cut. mAChR can activate adenylate cyclase by coupling to Gs2. In addition, M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors, when overexpressed can also activate adenylate cyclase in some systems3-5. Evidence suggests that muscarinic receptors can form homo or heterodimers at that the dimer formed can subsequently affect the downstream signaling pathways1. Muscarinic receptors have been shown to regulate voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, namely Cav2.1 6 as well acid sensing ion channels (ASIC)7. Generally speaking the actions of muscarinic receptors on ion channels can be either via 2nd messengers or through their direct action on the channels once activated8. Furthermore, muscarinic receptors can also promote endocytosis of ion channels (KV1.2 for example) by recruiting tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate the channel in order to terminate its activity9. Other diverse and important functions of muscarinic receptors include cell growth, survival and physiology1. Expression of muscarinic receptors is found in neurons in the central nervous system as well as in the peripheral nervous system. In the non-nervous system, these receptors are expressed in the cardiac and smooth muscle, lung, intestine, ovary and urothelium1,10. M4 muscarinic receptor is mostly expressed in the striatum where it colocalizes with D1 dopamine receptors11-13. Malfunction of M4 muscarinic receptor is associated with a number of psychological and neurodegenerative diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases11,14,15. |
| 运输条件 | Ambient |
| 存放说明 | -20 |
| 纯度 | Affinity purified on immobilized antigen. |
| 参考文献 | 1.Nathanson, N.M.(2008)Pharmacol. Ther.119,33. 2.Migeon, J.C. and Nathanson N.M.(1994)J. Biol. Chem.269,9767. 3.Ashkenazi, A.et al.(1987)Science238,672. 4.Tietje, K.M.et al.(1990)J. Biol. Chem.265,2828. 5.Katz, A.et al.(1992)Nature360,686. 6.Perez-Burgos, A.et al.(2010)Neuroscience165,293. 7.Dorofeeva, N.A.et al.(2009)Neuroreport20,1386. |
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