CD44(+) fibroblasts increases breast cancer cell survival and drug resistance via IGF2BP3-CD44-IGF2 signalling
Authors: Y Liu, C Yu, Y Wu, X Sun, Q Su, C You, H Xin
J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2017;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA detection

The type 2 insulin-like growth factor receptor (also known as cation-independent mannose-6 phosphate receptor/CI-MPR) is a 300 kDa member of the P-type lectin family of molecules. P-type lectins generate functional eukaryotic lysosomes by binding and sorting lysosomal enzymes expressing phosphorylated mannose residues (M6P) (1‑3). IGF-II R is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contains a 2,264 amino acid (aa) extracellular region, a 23 aa transmembrane segment and a 124 aa cytoplasmic tail (4, 5). The extracellular region consists of 15 contiguous “binding” repeats of about 150 aa each. The odd-numbered repeats interact with “ligands” while the even-numbered repeats likely generate a nondisulfide homodimer in the membrane (1). Repeat #11 binds IGF-II, while repeats 3 and 9 bind mannose-6 phosphate; repeat #13 contains a fibronectin type II motif and assists in IGF-II binding (1, 2). In the extracellular region of IGF-II R expressed by R&D Systems (600 aa’s), human IGF-II R is 85% aa identical to both mouse and bovine IGF-II R. This expressed region includes binding repeats #11, 12, and 13. In addition to IGF-II, CI-MPR/IGF-II R binds non-M6P containing ligands such as retinoic acid, urokinase-type plasminogen-activator receptor and plasminogen, plus M6P‑containing molecules such as lysosomal enzymes, TGF-beta 1 precursor, proliferin, LIF, CD26, herpes simplex glycoprotein D and granzymes A and B (2, 6). IGF-II R regulates many diverse biological functions that range from intracellular trafficking to the internalization of extracellular factors and modulation of cellular responses. It delivers newly synthesized M6P‑tagged lysosomal enzymes from the trans-golgi network to endosomes, and facilitates the clearance of extracellular lysosomal and matrix degrading enzymes by internalization into clathrin-coated vesicles and delivery into endosomes. With respect to IGF-II biology, it would appear that IGF‑II R is principally a regulator of local IGF-II levels, targeting IGF-II for destruction in lysosomes (2). However, some evidence suggests the receptor will signal via G‑proteins, an effect that has yet to be conclusively shown (6).

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