Induction and activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta1 are carried out by two distinct domains of pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1 (PSG1).
Authors: Ballesteros A, Mentink-Kane M, Warren J, Kaplan G, Dveksler G
J Biol Chem, 2015;290(7):4422-31.
Species: Mouse
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA detection
Deltex1 antagonizes HIF-1alpha and sustains the stability of regulatory T cells in vivo.
Authors: Hsiao H, Hsu T, Liu W, Hsieh W, Chou T, Wu Y, Jiang S, Lai M
Nat Commun, 2015;6(0):6353.
Species: Mouse
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: Flow
Role of a Novel Human Leukocyte Antigen-DQA1*01:02;DRB1*15:01 Mixed Isotype Heterodimer in the Pathogenesis of "Humanized" Multiple Sclerosis-like Disease.
Authors: Kaushansky N, Eisenstein M, Boura-Halfon S, Hansen B, Nielsen C, Milo R, Zeilig G, Lassmann H, Altmann D, Ben-Nun A
J Biol Chem, 2015;290(24):15260-78.
Species: Mouse
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA detection
Oral Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae ameliorate arthritis via IL-35, not IL-27.
Authors: Kochetkova I, Thornburg T, Callis G, Holderness K, Maddaloni M, Pascual D
J Immunol, 2014;192(2):804-16.
Species: Mouse
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: Flow
C-reactive protein promotes diabetic kidney disease in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
Authors: Liu F, Chen HY, Huang XR, Chung AC, Zhou L, Fu P, Szalai AJ, Lan HY
Diabetologia, 2011;54(10):2713-23.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 augments myofibroblast differentiation.
Authors: Sugiura H, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Yanagisawa S, Minakata Y, Matsunaga K, Hirano T, Akamatsu K, Ichinose M
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2009;40(6):654-62.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
In vitro induction of mucosa-type dendritic cells by all-trans retinoic acid.
Authors: Saurer L, McCullough KC, Summerfield A
J. Immunol., 2007;179(6):3504-14.
Species: Porcine
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1.
Authors: Biancotto A, Grivel JC, Iglehart SJ, Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Sieg SF, Debernardo R, Garate K, Rodriguez B, Margolis LB, Lederman MM
Blood, 2007;109(10):4272-9.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: Luminex Development
Antigen-induced regulatory T cells in HBV chronically infected patients.
Authors: Barboza L, Salmen S, Goncalves L, Colmenares M, Peterson D, Montes H, Cartagirone R, Gutierrez Mdel C, Berrueta L
Virology, 2007;368(1):41-9.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: Flow
Transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-beta1) down-regulates TNFalpha-induced RANTES production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts through NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional repression.
Authors: Cho ML, Min SY, Chang SH, Kim KW, Heo SB, Lee SH, Park SH, Cho CS, Kim HY
Immunol. Lett., 2006;105(2):159-66.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure.
Authors: Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB, King IB, Lawler RL, McDonald GB, Levy WC
Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004;80(6):1521-5.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Plasma
Application: ELISA Development
Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3.
Authors: Chen, WanJun, Jin, Wenwen, Hardegen, Neil, Lei, Ke-Jian, Li, Li, Marinos, Nancy, McGrady, George, Wahl, Sharon M
J Exp Med, 2003;198(12):1875-86.
Species: Mouse
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: Flow
Th2 cytokine regulation of type I collagen gel contraction mediated by human lung mesenchymal cells.
Authors: Liu X, Kohyama T, Wang H, Zhu YK, Wen FQ, Kim HJ, Romberger DJ, Rennard SI
Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2002;282(5):L1049-56.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
Repeated exposure induces periportal fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni-infected baboons: role of TGF-beta and IL-4.
Authors: Farah IO, Mola PW, Kariuki TM, Nyindo M, Blanton RE, King CL
J. Immunol., 2000;164(10):5337-43.
Species: Primate - Papio anubis (Olive Baboon)
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development

TGF- beta 1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) is one of three closely related mammalian members of the large TGF-beta superfamily that share a characteristic cystine knot structure (1 - 7). TGF-beta 1, -2 and -3 are highly pleiotropic cytokines that are proposed to act as cellular switches that regulate processes such as immune function, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (1 - 4). Each TGF-beta isoform has some non-redundant functions; for TGF-beta 1, mice with targeted deletion show defects in hematopoiesis and endothelial differentiation, and die of overwhelming inflammation (2). Human TGF-beta 1 cDNA encodes a 390 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 29 aa signal peptide and a 361 aa proprotein (8). A furin-like convertase processes the proprotein to generate an N-terminal 249 aa latency-associated peptide (LAP) and a C-terminal 112 aa mature TGF- beta 1 (8, 9). Disulfide-linked homodimers of LAP and TGF-beta 1 remain non-covalently associated after secretion, forming the small latent TGF-beta 1 complex (8 - 10). Covalent linkage of LAP to one of three latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBPs) creates a large latent complex that may interact with the extracellular matrix (9, 10). TGF-beta is activated from latency by pathways that include actions of the protease plasmin, matrix metalloproteases, thrombospondin 1 and a subset of integrins (10). Mature human TGF-beta 1 shares 100% aa identity with pig, dog and cow TGF-beta 1, and 99% aa identity with mouse, rat and horse TGF-beta 1. It demonstrates cross-species activity (1). TGF-beta 1 signaling begins with high-affinity binding to a type II ser/thr kinase receptor termed TGF-beta RII. This receptor then phosphorylates and activates a second ser/thr kinase receptor, TGF-beta RI (also called activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) -5), or alternatively, ALK‑1. This complex phosphorylates and activates Smad proteins that regulate transcription (3, 11, 12). Contributions of the accessory receptors betaglycan (also known as TGF-beta RIII) and endoglin, or use of Smad-independent signaling pathways, allow for disparate actions observed in response to TGF-beta in different contexts (11).

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