Microvascular notch signaling is upregulated in response to vascular endothelial growth factor and chronic myocardial ischemia.
Authors: Lassaletta A, Elmadhun N, Burgess T, Bianchi C, Sabe A, Robich M, Chu L, Sellke F
Circ J, 2014;78(3):743-51.
Species: Porcine
Sample Type: Whole Tissue
Application: IHC
Ethanol promotes arteriogenesis and restores perfusion to chronically ischemic myocardium.
Authors: Lassaletta A, Elmadhun N, Liu Y, Feng J, Burgess T, Karlson N, Laham R, Sellke F
Circulation, 2013;128(11):S136-43.
Species: Porcine
Sample Type: Whole Tissue
Application: IHC

CD31, also known as PECAM-1 (platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), is a 130 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein adhesion molecule in the immunoglobulin superfamily (1, 2). Expression is restricted to the vascular system, especially endothelial cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocyte subsets. CD31 is concentrated at cell-cell junctions and is required for transendothelial migration (TEM) (1‑3). The extracellular domain (ECD) of CD31 has ten potential N-glycosylation sites and six C2-type Ig-like domains, the first of which is critical for adhesion and extravasation (3, 4). The cytoplasmic domain contains immunoregulatory tyrosine-based inhibitory and switch motifs (ITIM, ITSM) that mediate both inhibition and activation via phosphotyrosine-mediated engagement of SH2-containing signaling molecules (1, 5). Metalloproteinase-mediated ectodomain shedding occurs during apoptosis (6) but increased serum CD31 ectodomain in HIV and active multiple sclerosis occurs independent of apoptosis (7, 8). In humans, expression of six isoforms with exon deletions in the cytoplasmic domain is tissue‑ and stage-specific, but full-length CD31 is predominant. A form lacking the ITSM predominates in mouse (9). Porcine CD31 ECD shows 74%, 73%, 70%, 63% and 62% amino acid (aa) identity with bovine, canine, human, mouse and rat CD31, respectively. CD31 participates with other adhesion molecules for most functions but is the critical molecule for TEM. Homotypic CD31 adhesion in trans combined with cycling of CD31 to and from surface-connected endothelial cell vesicles leads leukocytes across endothelial tight junctions (3, 10). Homotypic adhesion and signaling functions also strongly suppress mitochondria-dependent apoptosis (11). In platelets, PECAM-1 is necessary for limiting thrombus formation (12) and promoting integrin-mediated clot retraction and platelet spreading (13), but mechanisms for these phenomena are unclear. CD31^-/- mice are deficient in chemokine-mediated chemotaxis (14).

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