Regulation of progranulin expression in human microglia and proteolysis of progranulin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12).
Authors: Suh HS, Choi N, Tarassishin L, Lee SC
PLoS ONE, 2012;7(4):e35115.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: WB
Progranulin modulates zebrafish motoneuron development in vivo and rescues truncation defects associated with knockdown of Survival motor neuron 1.
Authors: Chitramuthu BP, Baranowski DC, Kay DG
Mol Neurodegener, 2010;5(0):41.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Tissue Homogenates
Application: WB
Pathogenic cysteine mutations affect progranulin function and production of mature granulins.
Authors: Wang J, Van Damme P, Cruchaga C, Gitcho MA, Vidal JM, Seijo-Martinez M, Wang L, Wu JY, Robberecht W, Goate A
J. Neurochem., 2010;112(5):1305-15.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: WB
Progranulin expression correlates with dense-core amyloid plaque burden in Alzheimer disease mouse models.
Authors: Pereson S, Wils H, Kleinberger G, McGowan E, Vandewoestyne M, Van Broeck B, Joris G, Cuijt I, Deforce D, Hutton M, Van Broeckhoven C, Kumar-Singh S
J. Pathol., 2009;219(2):173-81.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Tissue
Application: IHC Paraffin-embedded
HDDD2 is a familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions caused by a missense mutation in the signal peptide of progranulin.
Authors: Mukherjee O, Pastor P, Cairns NJ, Chakraverty S, Kauwe JS, Shears S, Behrens MI, Budde J, Hinrichs AL, Norton J, Levitch D, Taylor-Reinwald L, Gitcho M, Tu PH, Tenenholz Grinberg L, Liscic RM, Armendariz J, Morris JC, Goate AM
Ann. Neurol., 2006;60(3):314-22.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Tissue
Application: IHC

Progranulin, also known as acrogranin, PC cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF) and epithelin/granulin precursor, is a ubiquitously expressed, 88 kDa, secreted glycoprotein (1‑3). Structurally, it does not belong to any of the well-established growth factor families (4). Human Progranulin is 593 amino acids (aa) in length and contains a 17 aa signal sequence and 5 potential sites for N-linked glycosylation (Swiss Prot # P28799). It has a highly repetitive organization, containing seven tandem copies of a 55-57 aa consensus motif that contains 12 conserved cysteine residues: VXCX5-6CX5CCX8CCX6CCXDX2HCCPX4CX5-6CX2 (1). There is one alternate splice form for human Progranulin. This has a deletion of aa corresponding to aa 377-531 of the standard form. Progranulin is secreted as a full length form (2, 4), and may undergo proteolysis leading to the release of numerous peptides made from the seven tandem repeats, called the granulins (5-7). Human Progranulin shares 75% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat Progranulin. Progranulin is involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, as well as differentiation, development, and pathological processes (4). It has been isolated as a differentially expressed gene during mesothelial differentiation (8), macrophage development (9), the development of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis (10), sexual differentiation of the brain (11), and has also been shown to be a mediator of cartilage proliferation and of wound response and tissue repair (4, 12 13). High levels of Progranulin expression have been found to be associated with several human cancers and are believed to contribute to tumorigenesis in breast cancer, clear cell renal carcinoma, invasive ovarian carcinoma, glioblastoma, adipocyte teratoma, and multiple myeloma (4-5, 12, 14-19). In addition, mutations in the Progranulin gene are a cause of frontotemporal dementia, and increased expression of Progranulin is seen in activated microglia in many neurodegenerative diseases including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, motor neuron disease and Alzheimers disease (20). Mutations in Progranulin causing neurodegenerative disease indicate that Progranulin is important for neuronal survival (20).

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