Proteolytic processing regulates Toll-like receptor 3 stability and endosomal localization.
Authors: Qi, Rongsu, Singh, Divyendu, Kao, C Cheng
J Biol Chem, 2012;287(39):32617-29.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: IP
Viral double-strand RNA-binding proteins can enhance innate immune signaling by toll-like Receptor 3.
Authors: Lai Y, Yi G, Chen A
PLoS ONE, 2011;6(10):e25837.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: ICC
LL37 and cationic peptides enhance TLR3 signaling by viral double-stranded RNAs.
Authors: Lai Y, Adhikarakunnathu S, Bhardwaj K
PLoS ONE, 2011;6(10):e26632.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Whole Cells
Application: ICC
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity.
Authors: Guo Y, Audry M, Ciancanelli M, Alsina L, Azevedo J, Herman M, Anguiano E, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Pauwels E, Philippe PB, Perez de Diego R, Cardon A, Vogt G, Picard C, Andrianirina ZZ, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Plancoulaine S, Tardieu M, Valérie Doireau E, Jouanguy D, Chaussabel F, Geissmann L, Abel JL, Casanova SY, Zhang
J. Exp. Med., 2011;208(10):2083-98.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: IP
Oxidative stress enhances toll-like receptor 3 response to double-stranded RNA in airway epithelial cells.
Authors: Koarai A, Sugiura H, Yanagisawa S
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2010;42(6):651-60.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: WB
Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 augments myofibroblast differentiation.
Authors: Sugiura H, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Yanagisawa S, Minakata Y, Matsunaga K, Hirano T, Akamatsu K, Ichinose M
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2009;40(6):654-62.
Species: Human
Sample Type: Cell Lysates
Application: WB

Human TLR3 is a 116 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the mammalian Toll-Like Receptor family of pathogen pattern recognition molecules (1, 2). There are at least eleven mouse and ten human members that activate the innate immune system following exposure to a variety of microbial species (3). The human TLR3 cDNA encodes a 904 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 23 aa signal sequence, a 681 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 179 aa cytoplasmic region (4). The horseshoe shaped ECD (5, 6) contains 23 leucine rich repeats, and the cytoplasmic domain contains one Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The ECD of human TLR3 shares 80%, 79%, and 77% aa sequence identity with the ECD of rat, mouse, and bovine TLR3, respectively. TLR3 is found in phagosomes (7), where the acidic pH enables binding of internalized double stranded RNA and mRNA from viruses, parasites, and necrotic virally-infected cells (8 - 11). Ligand binding by TLR3 induces receptor dimerization (5, 6, 8) leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and dendritic cell maturation (9, 11 - 13). TLR3 is expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes (13 - 15) and is upregulated by IFN-beta and LPS (9, 14). TLR3 expression is also induced by lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells by respiratory syncytial virus infection (12).

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