Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 in cells of dog jejunum and colon naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.
Authors: Figueiredo M, Amorim I, Pinto A, Barbosa V, Pinheiro L, Deoti B, Faria A, Tafuri W
BMC Immunol, 2013;14(0):22.
Species: Canine
Sample Type: Tissue Homogenates
Application: ELISA Development
Long-lasting protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis using the LiESAp-MDP vaccine in endemic areas of France: double-blind randomised efficacy field trial.
Authors: Lemesre JL, Holzmuller P, Goncalves RB, Bourdoiseau G, Hugnet C, Cavaleyra M, Papierok G
Vaccine, 2007;25(21):4223-34.
Species: Canine
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development
Protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis infection in dogs immunized with purified excreted secreted antigens of Leishmania infantum promastigotes.
Authors: Lemesre JL, Holzmuller P, Cavaleyra M, Goncalves RB, Hottin G, Papierok G
Vaccine, 2005;23(22):2825-40.
Species: Canine
Sample Type: Cell Culture Supernates
Application: ELISA Development

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B cell-stimulatory factor-1, is a monomeric, approximately 13 kDa‑18 kDa Th2 cytokine that shows pleiotropic effects during immune responses (1‑3). It is a glycosylated polypeptide that contains three intrachain disulfide bridges and adopts a bundled four alpha -helix structure (5). Canine IL-4 is synthesized with a 24 amino acid (aa) signal sequence. Mature canine IL-4 shares 81%, 61%, 46%, 38%, and 37% aa sequence identity with feline, bovine, human, mouse, and rat IL-4, respectively. IL-4 exerts its effects through two receptor complexes (6, 7). The type I receptor, which is expressed on hematopoietic cells, is a heterodimer of the ligand binding IL-4 R alpha and the common gamma chain (a shared subunit of the receptors for IL-2, -7, -9, -15, and -21). The type II receptor on non‑hematopoietic cells consists of IL-4 R alpha and IL-13 R alpha 1. The type II receptor also transduces IL-13 mediated signals. IL-4 is primarily expressed by Th2-biased CD4⁺ T cells, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils (1, 2). It promotes cell proliferation, survival, and immunoglobulin class switch to IgE in B cells, acquisition of the Th2 phenotype by naïve CD4⁺ T cells, priming and chemotaxis of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, and the proliferation and activation of epithelial cells (8‑11). IL-4 plays a dominant role in the development of allergic inflammation and asthma (10, 12).

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